For Blender 2.45. Hope I understood your question correctly (ie for 'texture' I am assuming 'image' which you then intend to UV map to your model).
Quote: "1. How do I scale a texture?"
You don't scale the image, but rather the UV relationship with it. Select the desired face(s) in the UV FaceSelect window. Hover mouse in the UV/Editor Window & press 'A' to select all points, then 'S' to scale them (I assume you already have an image loaded). You will see the live results in the UV FaceSelect Window if you have the 'padlock' icon 'locked'. If your re-scaled points exceed the visible image, Blender will wrap the image in order to 'fill' the face(s).
Quote: "2. If I duplicate an object how can I edit the duplicated object without editing the source of that duplicate?"
When you duplicate an object, choose between 'Duplicate Linked' (Alt-D) or 'Duplicate' (Shift-D). The latter can be edited independently of the original.
Quote: "3. How would I apply a texture to a height map? "landscape project" "
Not sure, but I thought I have seen Blender tutorials using heightmaps to produce terrains, either within this forum or perhaps the Blender forums. As the 'product' is a mesh, I would have thought you simply follow the same process in Q1 above??
Good luck
Design by Trial and eror...and errror...and errorr