Aha! I asked my music history teacher and I can get into her music theory class next semester. It's the second class in the series, but she says the first one is too slow if you know any music already. The description of the first class is:
This course ... enables the student to develop perceptions in sight and sound as related to the symbols of rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic notation. It will also enable the student to develop skill in writing, major, minor and chromatic scales, chord construction and intervals; and to identify terms used to indicate tempo and dynamics.
I have a month to refresh my memory on all that stuff.
I already know things like DC al coda, words like "fortissimo", and slurs on sheet music. I'm re-memorizing key signatures using flash cards, and practicing scales on the keyboard.
I don't remember anything about modes/triads or much of what you listed :\